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A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO PREHOSPITAL SPINAL CARE: EDITION 5
PAGE 2 This manual has been produced for training and educational purposes only and is not for sale. It can be downloaded for printing (at no charge) at www.emergencytechnologies.com.au/psm.htm under the conditions listed below. First published May 1995 in Australia by: Anthony Hann 200 Sinclair St South Elliminyt Victoria Australia 3250 Fifth edition completed and published 20 August 2004 Copyright © Emergency Technologies January 2001 For any issues relating to this publication, contact: Emergency Technologies 200 Sinclair St South Elliminyt Victoria Australia 3250 Email: emtec@bigpond.net.au This publication is copyright. Permission is given for any individual or organisation to download and print one or more copies of this manual as required for educational or training purposes. Otherwise, no part of this publication may be produced for financial gain (whether directly or indirectly), by any means (whether electronic, micro copying, photocopying, mechanical or otherwise) without prior permission from Emergency Technologies or their subsequent company/companies. Emergency Technologies wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following in the production of this manual: ► Alexandra & District Ambulance Service ► Bacchus Marsh SES International RCR Team ► Ford Australia Pty Ltd - www.ford.com.au ► Holmatro Rescue Equipment - www.holmatro.com ► Justin Kibell - www.techrescue.org ► Luke Dam - SES Frankston ► RAPP Australia Pty Ltd - www.neann.com ► Rick Kehoe - MICA Paramedic ► Rural Ambulance Victoria - Colac Station The information presented in this manual has been produced for information and educational purposes only. Whilst all efforts have been taken to provide the latest up to date information available, the author and Emergency Technologies do not accept any liability to any person, group or organisation for the information, advice or techniques presented in this manual. A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO PREHOSPITAL SPINAL CARE: EDITION 5 The Manager INDEX PAGE 3 I NDEX A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO PREHOSPITAL SPINAL CARE: EDITION 5 NDEX INDEX PAGE 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION …..………………………………………………. 9 ► Introduction …………………………………………………. 10 ► Terminology ………………………………………………… 10 ► Training ………………………….……...…………………… 10 ► Equipment …………………………………………………… 11 ► Course Manual ……………………………………………… 11 ► Additional Copies Of This Manual ………………………. 11 ► Using This Manual…………………………………………... 11 SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI) STATISTICS …………………… 12 ► Australian Spinal Injury Units ……………………………. 13 ► Number Of SCI Patients …………………………………… 13 ► Prevalence of Traumatic SCI ……………………………... 14 ► Level Of SCI .………………………………………………… 15 ► Extent Of SCI ………………………………………………… 16 ► Causes Of SCI ...…………………………………………….. 17 ► Bibliography ……………………………………………….... 18 ANATOMY OF THE SPINE …………...……….…...……………. 19 ► Central Nervous System ……….…...…………………….. 20 ► Peripheral Nervous System ……………………………… 20 ► Somatic Nervous System ………………………………… 20 ► Autonomic Nervous System …………………………….. 21 ► Sympathetic Nervous System …………………………… 21 ► Parasympathetic Nervous System ……………………… 21 ► Nervous System Flowchart ………………………………. 22 ► Neurons ……………………………………………………… 22 ► Dendrites …………………………………………………….. 23 ► Cell Body …………………………………………………….. 23 ► Axon . ………………………………………………………… 23 ► Oligodendrocytes ………………………………………….. 24 ► Schwann Cells ……………………………………………… 24 ► Nodes Of Ranvier …………………………………………… 24 ► Synaptic Cleft ……………………………………………….. 25 ► Spinal Cord ………………………………………………….. 25 ► Spinal Nerves ……………………………………………….. 26 ► Blood Supply To The Spinal Cord …...………………….. 26 ► Meninges …………………………………………………….. 27 A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO PREHOSPITAL SPINAL CARE: EDITION 5 INDEX PAGE 5 ANATOMY OF THE SPINAL CORD (Continued) ► Denticulate Ligaments …………………………………….. 28 ► Spinal Column ……………………………………………… 28 ► Vertebrae …………………………………………………….. 29 ► Spinal Sections …………………………………………...… 29 ► Cervical Spine ………………………………………………. 30 ► Thoracic Spine ……………………………………………… 30 ► Lumbar Spine ……………………………………………….. 30 ► Sacral Spine ………………………………………………… 31 ► Coccyx Spine ………………………………………………. 31 ► Vertebral Discs ……………………………………………… 31 ► Spinal Ligaments …………………………………………… 31 ► Muscles Of The Spinal Column …………………………. 32 ETIOLOGY OF SPINAL CORD INJURY …..………………….. 33 ► Introduction …………………………………………………. 34 ► Primary Spinal Cord Injury ………………………………. 34 ► Secondary Spinal Cord Injury ………………………….... 36 ► Functional Classifications ………………………………… 38 ► Incomplete - Complete Classifications ...………………. 39 ► Bibliography ………………………………………………… 41 PATIENT ASSESSMENT ………….…………………………….. 42 ► Introduction .………………………………………………… 43 ► Patient Approach …………………………………………... 43 ► Signs & Symptoms Of SCI ……………………………….. 44 ► Limitations Of Signs & Symptoms Of SCI …………….. 48 ► Mechanisms Of SCI ……………………………………….. 49 ► Spinal Clearance In The Field ...…………………………. 49 ► Criteria For (Selective) Prehospital Spine Immobilisation ………………………………... 50 ► Immobilising the SCI Patient …………………………….. 51 ► Contra-Indications To Re-Aligning The Spine ………… 51 ► Bibliography ………………………………………………… 52 MANUAL IN-LINE STABILISATION ……………………….……. 55 ► Introduction ………………………………………………….. 56 ► Limitations Of Manual In-Line Stabilisation …………… 56 ► Dangers Of Manual In-Line Stabilisation ………………. 56 ► Stability During Manual In-Line Stabilisation …………. 56 A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO PREHOSPITAL SPINAL CARE: EDITION 5 |
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